INDEX of GCSE level biology notes on the functions of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis and the varied functions of proteins

These pages will help you answer questions such as ...  

What is a nucleotide? What is its structure?   What is the structure of DNA?

Why is it classed as a polymer?   What is the function of DNA?  

How does DNA code for amino acids and hence proteins?   How are proteins synthesised? 

What is RNA? What is the function of RNA? What is a triplet code?

How can we extract DNA from cells?  How do cells make proteins in the cytoplasm?

What functions do proteins have in living organisms?

Sub-index for this section on DNA structure and protein synthesis

(there is some overlap between the pages)

(1) How was the molecular structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) worked out?

(2) The 'simplified' molecular structure of nucleotides and DNA

(3) The coding function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), genes, chromosomes, genome

(4) DNA coding and the full details of protein synthesis in ribosomes

including (6) A quick diagrammatic summary of protein synthesis via DNA

(5) The effects of mutations and formation of variants in coding and non-coding DNA

(7) How to extract DNA from plant cells - a simple experiment with strawberries

(8) A summary of DNA replication

(9) Examples of the different types and functions of proteins

 WHERE NEXT?

Cell division, cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, sexual/asexual reproduction, binary fission

An introduction to genetic variation and the formation and consequence of mutations

Sub-index of Genetics Notes - from DNA to GM and lots in between!

DNA and RNA structure and Protein Synthesis and an experiment to extract DNA 

An introduction to genetic variation and the formation and consequence of mutations 

Introduction to the inheritance of characteristics and genetic diagrams (including Punnett squares)  including technical terms, Mendel's work and inherited genetic disorder, genetic testing

The human GENOME project - gene expression, chromosomes, alleles, genotype, phenotype, variations, uses of genetic testing including 'pros and cons'

Inherited characteristics and human sexual reproduction, genetic fingerprinting and its uses

Genetic engineering: uses - making insulin, medical applications, GM crops & food security

More complicated genetics: Sex-linked genetic disorders, inheritance of blood groups

See also section on Cloning - tissue culture of plants and animals

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